Symptoms: Diamond-shaped lesions on leaves, neck rot.

Treatment: Tricyclazole spray; avoid excess nitrogen.

Symptoms: Water-soaked streaks turning yellow-brown.

Treatment: Copper-based bactericide; balanced fertilization.

Symptoms: Oval lesions on leaf sheaths near water line.

Treatment: Validamycin spray; wider spacing.

Symptoms: Rosette flowers, boring holes in bolls.

Treatment: Pheromone traps; timely insecticide rotation.

Symptoms: Window-pane feeding on whorl leaves.

Treatment: Emamectin benzoate spray at early instar.

Symptoms: Yellowing, sooty mould, virus transmission.

Treatment: Yellow sticky traps; neonicotinoid spray.

Symptoms: Upward leaf curling, silvery streaks.

Treatment: Spinosad or fipronil spray.

Symptoms: Sudden wilting, vascular browning.

Treatment: Resistant varieties; soil drenching with fungicide.

Symptoms: Curled leaves, honeydew, sooty mould.

Treatment: Neem oil spray; ladybird beetle release.

Symptoms: Dead heart, central shoot dries.

Treatment: Trichogramma release; carbofuran application.